_magna charta

1.急需一篇关于中国和英国政治制度的英语论文。1000字左右

2.宪章英文

3.beginning怎么读

4.大宪章英文

begining读音：英?[b?'ɡ?n]美?[b?'ɡ?n]?

释义：n.?(名词)：起源，发端，，开始，起始；起点，开端，开头，出发点；原始思想；（结束的）前兆；初级阶段，早期阶段；开始部份，开头部分；adj. （形容词）：刚开始的；动词begin的现在分词.

例句：The trees are just beginning to leaf.树刚刚开始长叶子；He was biased against the plan from the beginning.他从一开始就对这个有偏见。

The knowledge of sin is the beginning of salvation.认罪是得救的开端；We he already made a good beginning.我们已经有了一个良好的开端。

English democracy had its beginning in the Magna Charta.英国的民主起源於大宪章；He presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe.他提出了一种宇宙起源的新概念。

急需一篇关于中国和英国政治制度的英语论文。1000字左右

Magna Carta or Magna Charta [Lat.,=great charter], the most famous document of British constitutional history, issued by King John at Runnymede under compulsion from the barons and the church in June, 1215.

The Reasons for Its Granting

Charters of liberties had previously been granted by Henry I, Stephen, and Henry II, in attempts to placate opposition to a broad use of the king's power as feudal lord. John had incurred general hostility. His expensive wars abroad were unsuccessful, and to finance them he had charged excessively for royal justice, sold church offices, levied hey aids, and abused the feudal incidents of wardship, marriage, and escheat. He had also ointed advisers from outside the baronial ranks. Finally in 1215 the barons rose in rebellion. Faced by superior force, the king entered into parleys with the barons at Runnymede. On June 15, after some attempts at evasion, John set his seal to the preliminary draft of demands presented by the barons, and after several days of debate a compromise was reached (June 19). The resulting document was put forth in the form of a charter freely granted by the king—although in actuality its guarantees were extorted by the barons from John. There are four extant copies of the original charter.

The Original Charter

The original charter, in Latin, is a relatively brief and somewhat vague document of some 63 clauses, many of which were of only transient significance. The charter was in most respects a reactionary document; its purpose was to insure feudal rights and dues and to guarantee that the king would not encroach upon baronial privileges. There were provisions guaranteeing the freedom of the church and the customs of the towns, special privileges being conferred upon London.

The charter definitely implies that there are laws protecting the rights of subjects and communities that the king is bound to observe or, if he fails to do so, will be compelled to observe. Historically most important were the vaguely worded statements against oppression of all subjects, which later generations interpreted as guarantees of trial by jury and of habeas corpus. Such interpretations, however, were the work of later scholars and are not explicit in the charter itself. The fact that many of the early interpretations of its provisions were based upon bad historical scholarship or false reasoning, however, does not vitiate the importance of the Magna Carta in the development of the British constitution.

Revisions and Reinterpretations

As an actual instrument of the charter was, at first, a failure. The clumsy machinery set up to prevent the king's violation of the charter never had an opportunity to function, and civil war broke out the same year. On John's death in 1216, the charter was reissued in the name of young King Henry III, but with a number of significant omissions relative to safeguards of national liberties and restrictions on taxation. It was reissued with further changes in 1217 and again in 1225, the latter reissue being the one that was incorporated into British statute law.

In later centuries it became a symbol of the supremacy of the constitution over the king, as opponents of arbitrary royal power extracted from it various “democratic” interpretations. This movement reached its height in the 17th cent. in the work of such apologists for Parliament as Sir Edward Coke. It came to be thought that the charter forbade taxation without representation, that it guaranteed trial by jury, even that it invested the House of Commons (nonexistent in 1215) with great powers. These ideas persisted until the 19th cent., when certain scholars came to maintain that the Magna Carta was a completely reactionary, not a progressive, document—that it was merely a guarantee of feudal rights. It is generally recognized now, however, that the charter definitely did show the viability of opposition to excessive use of royal power and that this constitutes its chief significance.

Bibliography

See W. S. McKechnie, Magna Carta: A Commentary (2d ed. 1914, repr. 1960); H. E. Malden, ed., Magna Carta Commemoration Essays (1917); F. Thompson, The First Century of Magna Carta (1925, repr. 1967); M. Ashley, Magna Carta in the Seventh Century (1965); J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (1965, repr. 1969); A. Pallister, Magna Carta (11); J. C. Holt, Magna Carta and the Idea of Liberty (12) and Magna Carta and Medieval Government (1985).

宪章英文

居然0分，好怕怕！

还是帮忙下吧：

China is not communist nor is it socialistic.

It is also often referred to as totalitarian and a dictatorship.

Both are equally as wrong too.

Communism:

is a the opposite of capitalism so therefore it is impossible they are communistic. The first people who were allowed to use limited capitalism were the farmers back in the 50's because of the failure of collective farming. The whole country is one huge capitalistic machine now.

Socialistic:

means the state controls all production, manufacturing and business. That is impossible as well since individuals own businesses and those state run businesses are a mixture of state and private working side by side. Currently today, less then 20% is state owned. 30 years ago it was 100%. Example, their oil industry is a mix of private and state working together and their cost per gallon of gas is $2.25. There are no taxes added, all the revenue and profits are done before that with both private and state profiting. The USA could do that same, but we'd rather pay $1 more per gallon then allow any kind of socialism to creep into our economy. Our socialism is through war for oil while ignoring what the people really need.

Totalitarian:

means the state controls all aspects of life. That is simply not the case as individuals are free to seek new employment, open businesses, trel at will, immigrate, buy homes, become rich, buy any consumer product they want without permission, in short, do just about anything the people in the west take for granted.

Dictatorship:

They he an election system in place that is at the province level. Those elected officials, who are elected by the people, are then sent to Beijing to represent the people there and those people elect the president, much like many systems in the world, like Britain.

One party rule:

True, but in recent years the is encouraging people from outside the party to become involved in and politics. They can also hold high office, something that was unheard of a few years ago. China understands that it needs new blood in its system in order to survive and do the will of the people otherwise China will stagnate.

What type of does China he?

At this point, it is hard to say, because it is a mixture of democratic ideals, federalism, socialism, and authoritarian. From what I can see, and how China likes change slowly, that it is slowly morphing into a democratic federal republic, much like the USA has now. But at their own pace, not the instant change that the west demands of China. China is smart enough to know that instant change can he social and political repercussions and its best to take it slowly as to not wake the angry dragon of discontent and descent.

The political system of Great Britain

The UK of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has been the official title of the British state ever since 1922.

The UK is constitutional monarchy. This means that the official head of state is the monarch, but his or her powers are limited by the constitution. The British constitution is not written in any single document. Only some of these rules are written down in the form of ordinary laws passed by Parliament at various times.

Parliament is the supreme law-making body in the country. It consists of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. British parliamentary system is one of the oldest in the world, it developed slowly during the 13th century after King John's signature of Magna Charta in 1215.

The Commons has 650, elected and paid Members of Parliament. The Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers, two archbishops and 24 bishops of the Church of England.

The House of Lords is also the final court of eal for civil cases in the United Kingdom and for criminal cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Only the Lords of Appeal (Law Lords) - of whom there are 12 employed full-time - take part in judicial proceedings.

The major part of Parliament's work is revising the Government's work. From Monday to Thursday all ministers must answer MP?s questions for one hour, the Prime Minister must answer their questions two days a week.

Another important parliamentary task is law-making. A bill (a proposal of a new law) must pass through the Houses and then is sent to the Queen for Royal Assent.

General elections to choose MP?s are held every five years. Voting is not compulsory and is from the age of 18. In 19 won the Labour Party headed by Tony Blair.

The Government is formed by the party which has the majority in the Parliament and the Queen oints its leader as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister oints a team of main ministers as the Cabinet (about 20 people).

The second largest party form the official opposition with its own leader and "shadow cabinet". At present it is the Conservative Party headed by John Major. The third party represented in the Parliament are the Liberals.

British national flag is called "Union Jack". It symbolises the Union of England, Scotland and Ireland and dates back from 1801. The flag is made up of the crosses of the patron saints of England (St George's red cross on a white field), Ireland (St Patrick's red diagonals on a white field) and Scotland (St Andrew's white diagonals on a blue field). Wales is not represented because when the flag first eared it was already united with England. The design and colours (especially the Blue Ensign) he been the basis for a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or provinces, as well as British overseas territories.

National anthem is "God Se The Queen". Each part of the UK has its own symbol:

England - red rose

Ireland - shamrock

Wales - leek, daffodil

Scotland - thistle

beginning怎么读

宪章的英文:charter。

例句：

1、Today of all days our dedication to the Charter must be maintained。

今天，尤其是今天，我们必须保持我们对宪章的精诚。

2、This charter was never carried into effect。

这个宪章一直没有付诸实施。

3、English democracy had its beginning in the Magna Charta。

英国的民主起源于大宪章。

4、BA charter on ″Values and Principles″。

巴靳夫的《价值和原则》宪章。

5、The magna carta gives every free man the right to be tried by his peer。

大宪章给予每个自由人被同等人审判的权利。

6、swore fealty to the laws and Constitution of the United States。

发誓绝对遵守和支持美利坚合众国的法律及宪章。

大宪章英文

beginning的读音是：英[b?'ɡ?n?]。

beginning的读音是：英[b?'ɡ?n?]。beginning的详尽释义是n.(名词)起源，发端，，开始，起始起点，开端，开头，出发点原始思想（结束的）前兆初级阶段，早期阶段开始部份，开头部分结局的开始当初端绪本原。beginning的意思是n.开始；开端；起源；早期；adj.刚开始的。

一、详尽释义点此查看beginning的详细内容

n.(名词)起源，发端，，开始，起始起点，开端，开头，出发点原始思想（结束的）前兆初级阶段，早期阶段开始部份，开头部分结局的开始当初端绪本原_null.动词begin的现在分词二、双解释义

n.(名词)[C][U]开始 first part[C][U]源,根源 source; origin三、网络解释

1. 开始：排在后面的乘客开始(beginning)骚动叫她动作快一点(bit),那**实在手足无措... 正在排队上车的人潮开始拥挤凌乱时...**灵机一动,用手悄悄的将裙子后面的拉炼稍微拉开,好让裙子可以松点,能让她跨上公车.不过,很奇怪的,

2. 开头：4.开头(Beginning):万事开头难,商务邮件更是如此,不过一旦掌握邮件开头的写作规律及实用句型,这部分写作不过如此. 邮件的开头因邮件内容的不同而有所变化,但无论何种商务邮件,开头一般都需表明写信的缘由或主旨,

四、例句

The trees are just beginning to leaf.

树刚刚开始长叶子。

He was biased against the plan from the beginning.

他从一开始就对这个有偏见。

The knowledge of sin is the beginning of salvation.

认罪是得救的开端。

We he already made a good beginning.

我们已经有了一个良好的开端。

English democracy had its beginning in the Magna Charta.

英国的民主起源於大宪章。

He presented a new concept of the beginning of the universe.

他提出了一种宇宙起源的新概念。

Fr.Sergio Ticozzi has recently finished his manuscript on the biographies of PIME fathers in Hong Kong from the very beginning of the mission.

在香港工作的会士传记，包括最早期在香港开展传教工作的传教士之生平及工作实录。

Stylistically, this image has undergone constant changes in China, beginning with a formative phase mainly relying on the stylistic influence from India.

半跏思惟像在中国发展的进程，从早期样式化的生硬造型，一方面接受外来形式的影响，一方面又融入民族的传统理念，开始佛像民族化的进程。

That’s why, in this beginning stage of my new habit, I've been focusing on pleasure.

这就是为什么在我刚开始锻炼的时候，我总是把焦点放在锻炼的乐趣上。

I he some problem about efficiency in my beginning term.

最近时间安排上有些问题，导致了效率低下。

五、经典引文

Thou o Lorde..art from the begynnynge.

出自：Bible (Coverdale): HabakkukIf you miss, you must penalize yourself, go back to the beginning, and start again.

出自：B. SpockThe vexed question of whether it is possible..for time to he a beginning or ending has been debated by philosophers for over two thousand years.

出自：P. Dies六、情景对话

Spelling-(拼音)

A：You know, Ralph, since I started speaking English all the time my pronunciation's getting better and even the grammar'sbeginning to make some sense. But I don't think I'll ever be able to spell.

拉尔夫，你知道，自从我开始所有时间都讲英语以来，我的发音有了进步，而且语法也开始理顺了。不过我不认为我能把字拼出来。

B：You're not alone there.I he trouble with spelling too. When I was in grade school. I learned which words were the most frequently misspelled. But I never did learn how to spell them.

不是你一个人如此。我在拼音方面也有困难。当我上小学的时候,我知道哪些词是经常拼错的, 但我没有学会如何拼这些词。

beginning的反义词

A：Since it's so difficult, why is it so important to learn how to spell properly?

既然这么难，为什么学会准确拼音又如此重要呢？

beginning的近义词

B：Because if you spell satisfactorily, you're considered educated.If you don't, you're not.

因为如果你能准确无误地拼音，人家就会把你看作受到教育的人。 否则，在别人眼里你是个缺乏教育的人。

Getting Cleaned up-(弄干净)

A：Hey, Bob. I can't find my electric sher.

喂，鲍勃，我怎么找不到我的电动剃须刀？

B：I`m sorry. I used it and I guess I put it on the top shelf with my stuff.

抱歉，我用过了。我想是把它和我的东西一起放到壁橱上面的搁板上了。

A：Yead，here it is. You might at least clean it up when you use it.The blade's dirty ang I still can't find the cord.

嗯，在这里。 你用过以后至少应该把它弄干净。刀片很脏，电线也还没有找到。

B：Stop complaining and start shing. Breakfast'll be ready in about five minutes and you won't if you don't hurry.

别抱怨了， 快刮胡子吧。大约还有五分钟早饭就好了， 要不你就来不及吃早饭了。

A：Your eggs are alreadybeginning to burn.

你的鸡蛋已经烧焦了。

B：What kind of juice do you want?

你想吃什么果汁？

beginning

A：Do we he a choice?

有挑选余地吗？

beginning的近义词

B：Sure. Tomato or V8.

是的，有番茄汁和V8。

A：Well you know how I feel about tomato. Surprise me.

嗯，你知道我对番茄汁的态度。 真使我意外！

七、常见错误

n.(名词)我已经把这本书从头到尾读完了。误 I he read the book from the beginning to the end.

正 I he read the book from beginning to end.

析 from beginning to end是固定习语,表示“从头至尾”, beginning和end之前不能加冠词。

beginning的相关近义词

commencement、emergence、initiation、outset、start、birth、origin、rise、source

beginning的相关反义词

ending、finish、termination

beginning的相关临近词

begrudge、beginner、beginnings、beginning form、beginning step、beginning mark、beginning label、beginning state、beginning price、beginning event、beginning point、beginning stage

点此查看更多关于beginning的详细信息

大宪章英文是Magna Carta。

词典释义

Magna Carta大宪章；保障人民权利与自由的法令

Great Charter大宪章（等于Magna Charta）

双语例句

《大宪章》是贵族抵抗王权的纲领性文件。

Magna Carta?was regarded as a creedal document for aristocracies resisting monarchy.

1215年的大宪章中最为重要的条文是第六十一条，即所谓“安全法”。根据该条的规定，由二十五名贵族组成的委员会有权随时召开会议，具有否决国王命令的权力；并且可以使用武力，占据国王的城堡和财产。这种权力是出自中古时期的一种法律程序，但加之于国王却是史无前例。

英王约翰自始即无接受大宪章约束的诚意，他是在武力之下才被迫在文件上签署，特别是第六十一条几乎褫夺了国王所有的权力。就在贵族离开伦敦各自返回封地之后，约翰立即宣布废弃大宪章，教皇英诺森三世亦训斥大宪章为“以武力及恐惧，强加于国王的无耻条款”，教皇否定了任何贵族对权力的要求，称这样做破坏了国王的尊严。随后英国即陷入内战。