hudson River_hudson river trading

hudson River_hudson river trading

       好久不见了，今天我想和大家探讨一下关于“hudson River”的话题。如果你对这个领域还不太熟悉，那么这篇文章就是为你准备的，让我们一起来探索其中的奥秘吧。

1.hudson River

2.英语阅读on the surface,the hudson river

3.纽约城市介绍？

4.急求关于海洋的介绍（英语），快点，在晚上9点前弄好

5.Christopher Reeve的个人介绍

6.英语高手进

hudson River

       介词的用法是很乱很杂很多很没道理的~要简单又全面根本不可能.你去翻翻字典,最多解释最所谓"废话的"都是介词

       不想看别人的废话,自己总结才有用.

       尽管这样，还是拿了一堆废话给你...

       at

       at 1

       AHD:[?t] […t ] 非重读时

       D.J.[#t][*t ]非重读时

       K.K.[#t][*t ]非重读时

       prep.（介词）

       In or near the area occupied by; in or near the location of:

       在…里，在…附近：在某一被占据地区里或附近；在某一场所里或附近：

       at the market; at our destination.

       在市场；在我们的目的地

       In or near the position of:

       出现在…一面：在或接近某一位置：

       always at my side; at the center of the page.

       总是站在我一边；在页码中央

       To or toward the direction or location of, especially for a specific purpose:

       向，朝向：到或朝某一方向或位置，尤指朝一特定目的：

       Questions came at us from all sides.

       从四面八方向我们涌来的问题

       Present during; attending:

       出席：在…出现；出席：

       at the dance.

       出席舞会

       Within the interval or span of:

       在…期间：在某一时间间隔或时间跨度内：

       at the dinner hour; at a glance.

       吃饭时间；转瞬间

       In the state or condition of:

       在某一状态或状况下：

       at peace with one's conscience.

       心安理得

       In the activity or field of:

       在某一活动或某一领域内：

       skilled at playing chess; good at math.

       精于棋艺；擅长数学

       To or using the rate, extent, or amount of; to the point of:

       在某一点：到达或运用比率、限度、或数量；在某一点：

       at 30 cents a pound; at high speed; at 20 paces; at 350=F.

       每英镑三十分；以高速；在二十步处；在华氏三百五十度时

       On, near, or by the time or age of:

       到达，接近：到达，接近某一时刻或年龄，或到某一时刻或年龄为止：

       at three o'clock; at 72 years of age.

       到三点；到七十二岁时

       On account of; because of:

       根据；因为：

       rejoice at a victory.

       因胜利而欢欣鼓舞

       By way of; through:

       以…方式；通过：

       exited at the rear gate.

       从后门溜走

       In accord with; following:

       根据；遵循：

       at my request.

       根据我的请求

       Dependent upon:

       凭借：

       at the mercy of the court.

       在法庭的宽容下

       Occupied with:

       正在：

       at work.

       正在工作

       at it非正式用语

       Engaged in verbal or physical conflict; arguing or fighting:

       争论，冲突：口头或身体上的冲突；争论或冲突：

       The neighbors are at it again.

       邻居们又吵起来了

       ================

       in

       in 1

       AHD:[?n]

       D.J.[in]

       K.K.[!n]

       prep.（介词）

       Within the limits, bounds, or area of:

       在…里：在区间、界限或面积以内：

       was hit in the face; born in the spring; a chair in the garden.

       被打在脸上；在春天出生；花园里的一把椅子

       From the outside to a point within; into:

       从外面进入；入内：

       threw the letter in the wastebasket.

       把信扔进废纸篓

       To or at a situation or condition of:

       达到或处于某种状态或情形：

       was split in two; in debt; a woman in love.

       被分成两半；负债；恋爱中的女人

       Having the activity, occupation, or function of:

       有某种活动、职业或作用：

       a life in politics; the officer in command.

       政治上的生涯；指挥官

       During the act or process of:

       在某行动或过程中：

       tripped in racing for the bus.

       追赶公共汽车时绊倒

       With the arrangement or order of:

       按照某种安排或秩序：

       fabric that fell in luxuriant folds; arranged to purchase the car in equal payments.

       富有华丽褶皱的面料；安排分期付相同款额来买车

       After the style or form of:

       以某种风格或形式：

       a poem in iambic pentameter.

       以五音步抑扬格写成的诗

       With the characteristic, attribute, or property of:

       具有某种特征、品质或属性：

       a tall man in an overcoat.

       穿着大衣的一个高大男人

       By means of:

       以某种方式：

       paid in cash.

       以现金支付

       Made with or through the medium of:

       用或通过某种媒介：

       a statue in bronze; a note written in German.

       青铜雕像；用德语写的便笺

       With the aim or purpose of:

       有某种目的或目标：

       followed in pursuit.

       跟踪

       With reference to:

       特指：

       six inches in depth; has faith in your judgment.

       深度为6英寸；确信你的判断

       Used to indicate the second and larger term of a ratio or proportion:

       指比率：用于次要的和较大的比例或比率条件：

       saved only one in ten.

       只节省了十分之一

       adv.（副词）

       To or toward the inside:

       朝里面或进里面：

       opened the door and stepped in.

       打开门走了进去

       To or toward a destination or goal:

       到达或朝着某个目的地或目标：

       The mob closed in.

       暴徒围攻过来

       Baseball To home base; so as to score:

       棒球 回本垒；得分：

       runs batted in; singled the runner in.

       快跑回本垒；击出一垒安打

       Within a place, as of business or residence:

       在某地，如在工作地点或在居处：

       The manager is in before anyone else.

       经理在别人来之前就到了

       So as to include or incorporate:

       以包括或并入：

       Fold in the egg whites.

       把蛋清拌进去

       So as to occupy a position of success or favor:

       以获取成功或受宠的职位：

       campaigned hard and was voted in.

       激烈竞争后当选

       In a particular relationship:

       在某种特殊的关系当中：

       got in bad with their supervisor.

       与监督者相处得不好

       adj.（形容词）

       Located inside; inner.

       在里面的；内部的

       Incoming; inward:

       新来的；向内的：

       took the in bus.

       上了新开来的公车

       Holding office; having power:

       执政的；当权的：

       the in party.

       执政党

       Informal

       非正式用语

       Currently fashionable:

       目前流行的：

       the in thing to wear this season.

       这个季节的流行装束

       Concerned with or attuned to the latest fashions:

       紧跟或追赶潮流的：

       the in crowd.See Synonyms at fashionable

       赶时髦的人们参见 fashionable

       n.（名词）

       One that has position, influence, or power:

       执政党：有地位、影响或权力的人：

       the ins against the outs.

       执政党与在野党的对立

       Informal Influence; power:

       非正式用语 影响；权力：

       had an in with the authorities.

       与当局有特殊的关系

       in for

       Guaranteed to get or have:

       保证得到或拥有：

       You're in for a big surprise.

       你肯定会大吃一惊

       in that

       For the reason that.

       因为

       ========================

       on

       on

       AHD:[?n, ?n]

       D.J.[%n, %8n]

       K.K.[$n, %n]

       prep.（介词）

       Used to indicate position above and supported by or in contact with:

       在…上：用于表示在…上及被…支撑或与…接触的位置：

       The vase is on the table. We rested on our hands and knees.

       花瓶在桌子上。我们把头靠在手和膝盖上休息

       Used to indicate contact with or extent over (a surface) regardless of position:

       在…上面：表示不考虑位置接触或在某一表面上：

       a picture on the wall; a rash on my back.

       墙上挂着的一幅画；我背上长的疹子

       Used to indicate location at or along:

       表示位于或沿着：

       the pasture on the south side of the river; a house on the highway.

       河岸南边的牧场；高速公路边的房子

       Used to indicate proximity:

       表示接近：

       a town on the border.

       靠近边界的一个市镇

       Used to indicate attachment to or suspension from:

       表示附在…上或悬于…：

       beads on a string.

       细绳上悬的珠子

       Used to indicate figurative or abstract position:

       用以表示比喻的或抽象的位置：

       on the young side, but experienced; on her third beer; stopped on chapter two.

       相当年轻，但经验十足；在她喝第三杯啤酒时；到第二章为止

       Used to indicate actual motion toward, against, or onto:

       向…，朝…：用于表示实际的动作朝向，对着…或在…上：

       jumped on the table; the march on Washington.

       跳到桌子上；向华盛顿的进军

       Used to indicate figurative or abstract motion toward, against, or onto:

       向…，在…上：用于表示比喻或抽象的运动的朝向，对着…或在…之上：

       going on six o'clock; came on the answer by accident.

       到快六点了；偶然找到了答案

       Used to indicate occurrence at a given time:

       用于表示事件发生在某指定的时间：

       on July third; every hour on the hour.

       在七月三日这一天；时时刻刻

       Used to indicate the particular occasion or circumstance:

       用以表示某一特定场合：

       On entering the room, she saw him.

       她一进这个房间便看到了他

       Used to indicate the object affected by actual, perceptible action:

       对着：用于表示实际的、能察觉到的行为影响到的目标：

       The spotlight fell on the actress. He knocked on the door.

       聚光灯把光集中打到女演员身上；他敲门

       Used to indicate the object affected by a figurative action:

       针对：用于表示一个想象的行动影响到的目标：

       Have pity on them.

       可怜他们吧

       Used to indicate the object of an action directed, tending, or moving against it:

       向着，对着：用于表示行动指导、朝向或移向的目标：

       an attack on the fortress.

       对城堡的袭击

       Used to indicate the object of perception or thought:

       思考的事物：用于表示感觉和思想的对象：

       gazed on the vista; meditated on his actions.

       注视着风景；策划他的行动

       Used to indicate the agent or agency of a specified action:

       行为的原因或动力：用于表示对某一特定行为起作用或对某一行为有帮助的东西：

       cut his foot on the broken glass; talked on the telephone.

       碎玻璃把他的脚扎破了；通过电话聊天

       Used to indicate a medicine or other corrective taken or undertaken routinely:

       服用：用于表示有规律或经常性服用的药物或矫正性行为：

       went on a strict diet.

       进行严格的食疗

       Used to indicate a substance that is the cause of an addiction, a habit, or an altered state of consciousness:

       由于：引上瘾、习惯或意识状态改变的物质：

       high on dope.

       因吸毒而陷入沉醉状态

       Used to indicate a source or basis:

       根据：用于表示来源或基础：

       “We will reach our judgments not on intentions or on promises but on deeds and on results”(Margaret Thatcher)

       “我们将根据事实和结果而不是目的或诺言来作出判断”(玛格丽特·撒切尔)

       Used to indicate the state or process of:

       表示…的状态或过程：

       on leave; on fire; on the way.

       休假；着火；在途中

       Used to indicate the purpose of:

       表…的意图：

       travel on business.

       商务旅行

       Used to indicate a means of conveyance:

       表示运送方式：

       ride on a train.

       坐火车

       Used to indicate availability by means of:

       表示可利用的方法：表示用…方式获取：

       beer on tap; a physician on call.

       随时可取用的啤酒；随时待命的大夫

       Used to indicate belonging to:

       表归属：

       a nurse on the hospital staff.

       在医院就职的护士

       Used to indicate addition or repetition:

       表示增加或重复：

       heaped error on error.

       错上加错

       Concerning; about:

       涉及；关于：

       a book on astronomy.

       有关天文学的书籍

       Concerning and to the disadvantage of:

       关于且不利于：

       We have some evidence on him.

       我们有一些不利于他的证据

       Informal In one's possession; with:

       非正式用语 拥有；带着：

       I haven't a cent on me.

       我一分钱都没带

       At the expense of; compliments of:

       以…为代价；恭维：

       drinks on the house.

       免费的饮料

       adv.（副词）

英语阅读on the surface,the hudson river

       A City of the World--New York

       Mot people imagine New York to be a city of sky scrapers. Perhaps too, they associate the city with the Wold Trade Center, the statue of Liberty, Fifth Avenue, Times Square, the United Nations, and Central Park and so on. Except for the Statue of Liberty all these places are in one part of the city, that is, Manhattan, which seems to be an island of skyscrapers.

       The city is also a place where the headquarters of the United Nations is located. People from all over the world live in the citysand work at the United Nations. The translator working at the UN must speak one of the five official languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese.

       The World Trade Center is a "United Nations of Com merce"along Hudson River. The towers of the World Trade Center are 405 meters high, and each has 110 floors. Together the two towers have 48 600 windows. Three of the 102 elevators in each tower can take you from the first to the ll0th floor in one minute. Besides, there are international banks, government offices, transportation companies, restaurants and import and export businesses inside the twin towers. The lob by of a building is usually on the ground floor, but at the World Trade Center there are lobbies in the sky!

       [点评]

       纽约市是世界上最著名的城市之一。作者在第一段里介绍了纽约的 名胜景区，第一段讲述了联合国总部的情况，第二段描述了世界贸易中心，使读者对纽约有了清晰的印象。

       [参考译文]

       世界之城——纽约

       大部分人把纽约市想像成一座挤满摩天大楼的城市。也许他们还将这座城市与世界贸易中心，自由女神像，第五大道，时代广场，联合国，中央公园等等联系在一起。除了自由女神像外，其他地方都集中在这座城市的一块叫做曼哈顿的区域。它就像是一座满是摩天大楼的岛屿。

       这座城市也是联合国总部的所在地。来自世界各国的外交人员住在这里，在联合国上班。在联合国工作的译员必须会讲联合国五种正式语言中的一种。这五种语言是英语、法语、西班牙语、俄语和汉语。

       世界贸易中心是沿着哈得逊河的“商业联合国”。它的双塔高405米，每座塔有110层。两座塔共有48 600架窗户。每座塔里102个升降电梯中的3个可以在一分钟之内将你从一层送到110层去。另外，国际银行，政府办事机构，运输公司，餐馆，进出口贸易公司等都设立在双塔之内。一般来说，大楼的大厅在底层，而在世界贸易中心，空中也有大厅!

纽约城市介绍？

       On the surface, the Hudson River is looking good.

        The sun on a spring morning shines on the water, off bridges and boats.The blue crabs are big, and the striped bass are bigger. On the surface, all these

        would probably make you think the Hudson was about as healthy as it has been since Indian times. Sadly, Sadly, it isn’t.A study by the environmental group River keeper examined an importan indicator of the life of any river-fish and found discouraging news. Ten of thirteen species it examined are reducing, and one— the great and delicious shad— is at a historic low Riverkeeper’s report blames the usual suspects and a few new ones.

        The river is getting warmer, and the heat helps starve the water of

       oxygen. Power plants kill untold millions of fish when they suck up river water to

       cool their machinery. Invasive species, dirty water and fertilizer runoff and

       over-fishing in the ocean, where species like shad spend much of their lives, all

       take their toll.

        StripNot all fish are struggling.ed bass are on the increase, as are bluefish

       and spot-tail shiners. But with other species moving slowly downstairs, signs point to a sicker, less stable Hudson ecosystem than many had imagined. The report shows how little we understand the biology of one of the country’s most historic and important estuaries(河口，江口). It is a reminder that even the hardest-fought conservation victories may look like the easy ones, and that self-satisfaction can be the death of environmental progress. （不知道是不是）

急求关于海洋的介绍（英语），快点，在晚上9点前弄好

       纽约，简称NYC，是美国第一大城市及第一大港口，座落在美国纽约州东南部大西洋沿岸，是一座国际化大都市，也是世界上最大的经济中心之一。

       作为全球化的典范，纽约与伦敦、香港并称为“纽伦港”。纽约市占地约789平方千米，大约拥有900万人口。世界名校哥伦比亚大学、纽约大学以及洛克菲勒大学座落在纽约市，是世界各地莘莘学子向往的城市之一。

       闻名全球的华尔街也座落在纽约市，纽约证券交易所是世界第二大证交所，被称为世界的金融中心。它曾是最大的交易所，在1996年它的交易量被纳斯达克超过。但是纽约不单单只有华尔街，世界500强企业中，有56家总部企业位于纽约。

       曼哈顿的唐人街是西半球最为密集的华人集中地。被称作“世界的十字路口”的纽约时报广场位于百老汇剧院区枢纽，是世界娱乐产业的中心之一。

       纽约的著名旅游景点：

       1、大都会博物馆作为世界三大博物馆之一，是巨大的艺术品宝库，汇集着世界各地的稀世珍宝；

       2、作为美国民主与自由象征的自由女神像 ，表达着美国人民争取民主、向往自由的崇高理想；

       3、帝国大厦是纽约的最高建筑，在这里可以鸟瞰纽约全景；

       4、去时代广场体验娱乐及购物的快感，感受人流涌动的缤纷都市世界。

Christopher Reeve的个人介绍

       ocean, interconnected mass of saltwater covering 70.78% of the surface of the earth, often called the world ocean. It is subdivided into four (or five) major units that are separated from each other in most cases by the continental masses. See also oceanography.

       The World Ocean

       Of the major units that comprise the world ocean, three—the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans—extend northward from Antarctica as huge “gulfs” separating the continents. The fourth, the Arctic Ocean, nearly landlocked by Eurasia and North America and nearly circular in outline, caps the north polar region. The Southern Ocean (also called the Antarctic Ocean) is now often considered a fifth, separate ocean, extending from the shores of Antarctica northward to about 60°S. The major oceans are further subdivided into smaller regions loosely called seas, gulfs, or bays. Some of these seas, such as the Sargasso Sea of the North Atlantic Ocean, are only vaguely defined, while others, such as the Mediterranean Sea or the Black Sea, are almost totally surrounded by land areas. Large and totally landlocked saltwater bodies such as the Caspian Sea are actually salt lakes.

       The boundaries between oceans are usually designated by the continental land masses bordering them or by ridges in the ocean floor, which also serve as geographic boundaries. Where these features are absent (such as the ill-defined northern boundary of the Antarctic Ocean), the boundary is somewhat arbitrarily fixed by fluctuating zones of opposing currents that act as partial barriers to the mixing of waters between the two adjacent oceans.

       The oceans are not uniformly distributed on the face of the earth. Continents and ocean basins tend to be antipodal, or diametrically opposed to one another, i.e., continents are found on the opposite side of the earth from ocean basins. For example, Antarctica is antipodal to the Arctic Ocean; Europe is opposed by the South Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, over two thirds of the earth's land area is found in the Northern Hemisphere, while the oceans comprise over 80% of the Southern Hemisphere.

       The world ocean has an area of about 361 million sq km (139,400,000 sq mi), an average depth of about 3,730 m (12,230 ft), and a total volume of about 1,347,000,000 cu km (322,280,000 cu mi). Each cubic mile of seawater weighs approximately 4.7 billion tons and holds 166 million tons of dissolved solids. One of the most unique and intriguing aspects of ocean water is its salinity, or dissolved salt content. The measurement of salinity is essentially the determination of the amount of dissolved salts in 1 kg of ocean water and is expressed in parts per thousand (‰). Ocean salinities commonly range between 33 ‰ to 38 ‰, with an average of about 35 ‰. Thirty-five parts per thousand salinity is equivalent to 3.5% by weight. Six elements (chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, and potassium) constitute over 90% of the total salts dissolved in the oceans. Pressure in the ocean waters increases with increasing depth due to the weight of the overlying water. The pressure increases at the rate of 1 atmosphere for every 10 m (33 ft) of depth (1 atm=15 lb per sq in. or 1,016 dynes per sq cm). The average temperature of the oceans is 3.9°C (39°F).

       It now appears that the waters making up the present oceans (and the gases that make up the present atmosphere) were not of cosmic origin, i.e., were not present in the primordial atmosphere. Instead, they were derived from the interior of the earth sometime in the first one or two billion years after the earth's formation. It is now also generally accepted that a new ocean crust has been forming more or less continuously for at least the past 200 million years through a process of volcanic activity along the midocean ridge system (see seafloor spreading), which consists of a series of underwater mountains. On the basis of present knowledge it seems highly probable that all ocean waters and atmospheric gases were gradually released by the separation of these volatile components from the silicate rocks of the crust and upper mantle through volcanic activity. (Molten lava is known to contain appreciable amounts of water and other volatiles that are released upon solidification.) With the passage of time, water released by volcanic activity gradually filled oceanic depressions.

       Continental Shelves, Slopes, and Rises

       Virtually all continents are surrounded by a gently sloping submerged plain called the continental shelf, which is an underwater extension of the coastal plain. The continental shelves are the regions of the oceans best known and the most exploited commercially. It is this region where virtually all of the petroleum, commercial sand and gravel deposits, and fishery resources are found. It is also the locus of waste dumping. Changes in sea level have alternatingly exposed and inundated portions of the continental shelf. Continental shelves vary in width from almost zero up to the 1,500-km-wide (930-mi) Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean. They average 78 km (48 mi) in width. The edge of the shelf occurs at a depth that ranges from 20 to 550 m (66 to 1,800 ft), averaging 130 m (430 ft). The shelves consist of vast deposits of sands, muds, and gravels, overlying crystalline rocks or vast thicknesses of consolidated sedimentary rocks. Although there is a great variation in shelf features, nonglaciated shelves are usually exceptionally flat, with seaward slopes averaging on the order of 205 m per km (10 ft per mi), or less than 1° of slope. The edge of the shelf, called the shelf break, is marked by an abrupt increase in slope to an average of about 4°.

       The continental slopes begin at the shelf break and plunge downward to the great depths of the ocean basin proper. Deep submarine canyons, some comparable in size to the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River, are sometimes found cutting across the shelf and slope, often extending from the mouths of terrestrial rivers. The Congo, Amazon, Ganges, and Hudson rivers all have submarine canyon extensions. It is assumed that submarine canyons on the continental shelf were initially carved during periods of lower sea level in the course of the ice ages. Their continental slope extensions were carved and more recently modified by turbidity currents—subsea “landslides” of a dense slurry of water and sediment.

       Many continental slopes end in gently sloping, smooth-surfaced features called continental rises. The continental rises usually have an inclination of less than 1/2°. They have been found to consist of thick deposits of sediment, presumably deposited as a result of slumping and turbidity currents carrying sediment off the shelf and slope. The continental shelf, slope, and rise together are called the continental margin.

       Trenches, Plains, and Ridges

       One of the most surprising findings of the early oceanographers was that the deepest parts of the oceans were not in the centers, as they had expected, but were in fact quite close to the margins of continents, particularly in the Pacific Ocean. Further exploration showed that these deeps were located in long V-shaped trenches bordering the seaward edge of volcanic island arcs. These trenches are one of the most striking features of the Pacific floor. Trenches virtually encircle the rim of the Pacific basin. The trenches have lengths of thousands of kilometers, are generally hundreds of kilometers wide, and extend 3 to 4 km (1.9–2.5 mi) deeper than the surrounding ocean floor. The greatest ocean depth has been sounded in the Challenger Deep of the Marianas Trench, a distance of 10,911 m (35,798 ft) below sea level.

       The deep ocean floor begins at the seaward edge of the continental rise or marginal trench, if one is present, and extends seaward to the base of the underwater midocean mountains. Many relief features of great importance are present in this region. Vast abyssal plains cover significant portions of the deep ocean basin. Such plains are occasionally broken by low, oval-shaped abyssal hills. The abyssal plains cover about 30% of the Atlantic and nearly 75% of the Pacific ocean floors. They are among the flattest portions of the earth's crust and appear to be formed by the deposition of fine sediment carried by turbidity currents that have covered and smoothed out irregularities in the ocean floor.

       One of the most significant features of the ocean basins is the midocean ridge. First discovered in the Atlantic Ocean on the Challenger expedition, its relief features were further investigated during the German Meteor expedition of 1925–26. By the early 1960s it had been confirmed that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was only part of a continuous feature that extended 55,000 km (34,000 mi) through the Atlantic, Indian, South Pacific, and Arctic oceans. The ridge is a broad bulge in the ocean floor that rises 1 to 3 km (0.6–2 mi) above the adjacent abyssal plains. It has a variable width averaging more than 1,500 km (c.900 mi). It is crossed by a number of fracture zones (transform faults) and displays a deep rift 37 to 48 km (23–30 mi) wide and about 1.6 km (1 mi) deep at its very crest.

       Relationship of the Ocean and the Atmosphere

       The atmosphere affects the oceans and is in turn influenced by them. The action of winds blowing over the ocean surface creates waves and the great current systems of the oceans. When winds are strong enough to produce spray and whitecaps, tiny droplets of ocean water are thrown up into the atmosphere where some evaporate, leaving microscopic grains of salt buoyed by the turbulence of the air. These tiny particles may become nuclei for the condensation of water vapor to form fogs and clouds.

       In turn, the oceans act upon the atmosphere—in ways not clearly understood—to influence and modify the world's climate and weather systems. When water evaporates, heat is removed from the oceans and stored in the atmosphere by the molecules of water vapor. When condensation occurs, this stored heat is released to the atmosphere to develop the mechanical energy of its motion. The atmosphere obtains nearly half of its energy for circulation from the condensation of evaporated ocean water.

       Because the oceans have an extremely high thermal capacity when compared to the atmosphere, the ocean temperatures fluctuate seasonally much less than the atmospheric temperature. For the same reason, when air blows over the water, its temperature tends to come to the temperature of the water rather than vice versa. Thus maritime climates are generally less variable than regions in the interiors of the continents.

       The relationships are not simple. The pattern of atmospheric circulation largely determines the pattern of oceanic surface circulation, which in turn determines the location and amount of heat that is released to the atmosphere. Also, the pattern of atmospheric circulation determines in part the location of clouds, which influences the locations of heating of the ocean surface.

       Currents and Ocean Circulation

       Surface Circulation

       The surface circulation of the oceans is intimately tied to the prevailing wind circulation of the atmosphere (see wind). As the planetary winds flow across the water, frictional stresses are set up which push huge rivers of water in their path. The general pattern of these surface currents is a nearly closed system of currents, called gyres, which are approximately centered on the horse latitudes (about 30° latitude in both hemispheres). Major circulation of water in these gyres is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. In the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans, smaller counterclockwise gyres are developed partly due to the presence of the continents. These are centered on about 50°N lat. The most dominant current in the Southern Ocean is the West Wind Drift, which circles Antarctica in an easterly direction. The northern and southern hemispheric gyres are divided by an eastward flowing equatorial countercurrent, which essentially follows the belt of the doldrums. This countercurrent is caused by the return flow of water piled up along the eastward portion of the equatorial seas, and its return flow is uninhibited by the weak and erratic winds of the doldrums. Analysis of current records shows that a number of major currents, such as the Gulf Stream, have strong fast-moving currents beneath them trending in the opposite direction to the surface current. Such undercurrents, or countercurrents, appear to be as important and pervasive as the surface currents. In 1952 the Cromwell current was found flowing eastward beneath the south equatorial current of the Pacific. In 1961 a similar current was discovered in the Atlantic. See also tide.

       Thermohaline Circulation

       Thermohaline circulation refers to the deepwater circulation of the oceans and is primarily caused by differences in density between the waters of different regions. It is mainly a convection process where cold, dense water formed in the polar regions sinks and flows slowly toward the equator. Most of the deep water acquires its characteristics in the Antarctic region and in the Norwegian Sea. Antarctic bottom water is the densest and coldest water in the ocean depths. It forms and sinks just off the continental slope of Antarctica and drifts slowly along the bottom as far as the middle North Atlantic Ocean, where it merges with other water. The circulation of ocean waters is vitally important in dispersing heat energy around the globe. In general, heat flows toward the poles in the surface currents, while the displaced cold water flows toward the equator in deeper ocean layers.

       The Ocean as a Biological Environment

       The oceans hold the answers to many important questions about the development of the earth and the history of life on earth. For instance, within the rocks and sediment of the ocean floors the geological history of the earth is recorded. Fossils in this sediment record a portion of the biological history of the earth at least back to the Jurassic period, which ended about 140,000,000 years ago. The first appearance of life on the earth is thought to have occurred in the oceans 2 or 3 billion years ago. The modern marine environment is divided into two major realms, the benthic and the pelagic, based upon the ecological characteristics and marine life associated with them. See also marine biology.

       The Benthic Realm

       The benthic realm refers to the floor of the oceans, extending from the high tide line to the greatest ocean depths. The organisms that live in or on the bottom are called benthos. The benthic realm is subdivided on the basis of depth into the littoral zone, which extends from high tide to a depth of about 200 m (660 ft), and the deep-sea realm. The benthic life forms are both sessile (attached) and motile (mobile). They are distributed from near-shore littoral regions to the ocean depths and play an important role in the food chain. Some benthonic life forms live by predation, others sift organic matter from the water, and others scavenge the bottom for organic debris that has settled there. Benthonic plants can live only in the euphotic zone, the uppermost 100–200 m (330–660 ft) of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates. Benthonic animals that live below the euphotic zone often must depend on the rain of organic debris from above to supply their food needs, and thus the deep regions of the benthic realm are not highly populated except in the areas around hydrothermal vents where chemosynthesis provides an alternative food source.

       The Pelagic Realm

       The pelagic realm consists of all of the ocean water covering the benthic realm. It is divided horizontally into the neritic, or fertile near-shore, province and the oceanic province. Vertically it is divided into the euphotic, or photic, zone and the aphotic (without sunlight) zone. Drifting, free-floating organisms, called plankton, and organisms with poor mobile ability populate the euphotic zone. Most plankton are microscopic or near-microscopic in size. Phytoplankton are photosynthetic bacteria (cyanbacteria) and floating algae, such as diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithopores. Heterotrophic plankton (zooplankton) are floating animals and protozoans of the sea and rely on the phytoplankton as food sources. Foraminifera and radiolaria are the dominant protozoan zooplankton that secrete tests (shells), which become incorporated into the sediment of the ocean floor. Many juvenile forms of swimmers (such as shrimp) or bottom dwellers (such as barnacles) pass through a planktonic phase. Marine organisms capable of self-locomotion are called nektonic life forms. Fish, squid, and whales are examples of marine nekton.

       Importance of the Ocean

       Throughout history humans have been directly or indirectly influenced by the oceans. Ocean waters serve as a source of food and valuable minerals, as a vast highway for commerce, and provide a place for both recreation and waste disposal. Increasingly, people are turning to the oceans for their food supply either by direct consumption or indirectly by harvesting fish that is then processed for livestock feed. It has been estimated that as much as 10% of human protein intake comes from the oceans. Nevertheless, the food-producing potential of the oceans is only partly realized. Other biological products of the oceans are also commercially used. For example, pearls taken from oysters are used in jewelry, and shells and coral have been widely used as a source of building material.

       Ocean water is processed to extract commercially valuable minerals such as salt, bromine, and magnesium. Although nearly 60 valuable chemical elements have been found dissolved in ocean water, most are in such dilute concentrations that commercial extraction is not profitable. In a few arid regions of the world, such as Ascension Island, Kuwait, and Israel, ocean water is desalinated to produce freshwater.

       The shallow continental shelves have been exploited as a source of sands and gravels. In addition, extensive deposits of petroleum-bearing sands have been exploited in offshore areas, particularly along the Gulf and California coasts of the United States and in the Persian Gulf. On the deep ocean floor manganese nodules, formed by the precipitation of manganese oxides and other metallic salts around a nucleus of rock or shell, represent a potentially rich and extensive resource. Research is currently being conducted to explore nodule mining and metallic extraction techniques. Ocean water itself could prove to be a limitless source of energy in the event that nuclear fusion reactors are developed, since the oceans contain great quantities of deuterium.

       The oceans also have become more important for recreational use, as each year more people are attracted to the sports of swimming, fishing, scuba diving, boating, and waterskiing. Ocean pollution, meantime, has escalated dramatically as those who use the oceans for recreational and commercial purposes, as well as those who live nearby, have disposed of more and more wastes there .

英语高手进

       Christopher Reeve

       September 25, 1952 - October 10, 2004

        Christopher Reeve was born September 25, 1952, in New York City. When he was four, his parents (journalist Barbara Johnson and writer/professor Franklin Reeve) divorced. His mother moved with sons Christopher and Benjamin to Princeton, New Jersey, and married an investment banker a few years later. After the divorce, the boys also spent substantial visitation time with their father, who writing under the name F. D. Reeve, is a noted novelist, poet, and scholar of Russian literature. While with him, Chris and Ben were exposed to a stimulating intellectual environment that included Sunday dinners with F. D. Reeve's friends: Robert Frost, Robert Penn Warren, and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. Meanwhile, Reeve's stepfather, Tristam Johnson, generously paid tuition for the boys to attend an exclusive private school, Princeton Day School, for the academic challenge.

        Reeve traces his love of acting back to the early years of his childhood when he and his younger brother would climb inside cardboard grocery cartons and pretend they were pirate ships. "To us they became pirate ships simply because we said they were." Reeve continues with "The ability to retain at least some of this childhood innocence is essential to fine acting." By age eight, he had appeared in school plays, become interested in music, and was taking piano lessons. At age nine, he was picked to be in a Gilbert & Sullivan operetta Yeoman of the Guard for Princeton's professional theater, the McCarter Theatre. "While I was growing up," Reeve recalls, "I never once asked myself, 'Who am I?' or 'What am I doing?' Right from the beginning, the theater was like home to me. It seemed to be what I did best. I never doubted that I belonged in it." Those he worked with were convinced as well. Milton Lyon, the Artistic Director of the McCarter Theatre who did Finian's Rainbow and South Pacific with Reeve, told him when he was about 14 years old: "Chris, you better decide what you want, because you're going to get it."

        At Princeton Day School, Reeve participated in various school activities including being President of the Drama Club and the Student Director of The Glee Club. Reeve later said about those years, "I loved the theater so much. But I began to feel guility. I thought I wasn't giving enough time to school. So I joined as many school clubs and teams as I could. I played on the ice hockey team. I was in the school orchestra. I even sang with a choral group!" Reeve recently explained why he did not go into ice hockey, a sport he has great love for that he played from the peewee level through high school where he was Princeton Day's number one goalie for all four years, as a full-time career by remembering a time when his varsity team was the NCAA champion and Ken Dryden was the goalie. Reeve says about his decision, "On the first day of practice for the freshman team, I noticed that there were only two Americans and the rest were Canadians. I was in the goal, and the whole team lined up on the blue line, each with a puck, and they were supposed to take turns going from left to right taking a slapshot. They started to get out of sequence, and sometimes two or three were coming at me, faster than I'd ever seen a puck come at me in my entire lifetime. I got absolutely shelled, and I thought, 'You know, I'm probably going to end up with no teeth,' and so I retreated to the safety of the theatre department. That was the end of my hockey career. In retrospect, I made the right choice. And I still have all my teeth." He continued getting parts at school and at the McCarter. At age 15, Reeve got a summer apprenticeship at the Williamstown Theater Festival in Massachusetts. By age 16, he had an agent.

       After graduating high school, Reeve toured the country as Celeste Holm's leading man in The Irregular Verb to Love, then went on to pursue a college education, although he continued to work simultaneously as a professional actor, "thanks to an understanding agent who'd set up auditions and meetings around my class schedule." As part of his studies at Cornell University, where he majored in Music Theory and English, he spent time studying theater in Britain and France. Of his work in England, where he obtained employment as a "dogsbody" at London's prestigious Old Vic theater, Reeve said: "I was a glorified errand boy, but it was a very exciting time there. I helped by teaching the British actors to speak with an American accent. Then I went to Paris to work with the Comedie Francaise." By the time of his graduation from college, Reeve had already performed in such widely respected theaters as the Boothbay (Maine) Playhouse, the Williamstown Theatre, the San Diego Shakespeare Festival, and the Loeb Drama Center. His roles included Victor in Private Lives, Aeneas in Troilus and Cressida, Beliaev in A Month In The Country, and Macheath in Threepenny Opera.

       In lieu of his final year at Cornell, Reeve was one of two students accepted to advanced standing (Robin Williams was the other) at New York's famous Juilliard School of Performing Arts. Here he studied under the renowned John Houseman. When it became financially difficult for his stepfather to continue to pay for Reeve's education, he took the role of Ben Harper in the long-running television dramatic serial Love of Life. While Reeve continued his acting lessons and performed in the soap opera, he found time to audition for and win a coveted role in A Matter of Gravity, a new play slated for Broadway starring Katharine Hepburn in 1976. By this time, the demands of his career had become so great that Reeve was forced to give up his final year at Juilliard, but Reeve said this of working with Hepburn: "In Gravity, I had the privilege of spending nine months working with one of the masters of the craft."

        In 1976, Reeve went to Los Angeles and got a small part in Gray Lady Down, a submarine adventure film. Back in New York City, he was in the off-broadway production My Life. During that production, Reeve auditioned and successfully screen tested for the 1978 movie Superman. Reeve portrayed Superman as "somebody that, you know, you can invite home for dinner...someone you could introduce your parents to." He made Superman believable by playing him as a hero with brains and a heart. Reeve said, "What makes Superman a hero is not that he has power, but that he has the wisdom and the maturity to use the power wisely. From an acting point of view, that's how I approached the part." For playing Clark Kent, Reeve reasoned that "there must be some difference stylistically between Clark and Superman. Otherwise you just have a pair of glasses standing in for a character, and I don't think that's enough for a modern audience." When people regard him as Superman, Reeve always downplays the disdain he feels for that comment: "As far as I'm concerned there is Superman and then there's Christopher Reeve, and I'm not interested in having them merge. What I'm interested in is acting...I've been working since I was fourteen; I studied at Juilliard. I wasn't Superman before and I don't plan to be Superman after." The 18 months of shooting for that movie took place mostly in England, where Reeve met and began a relationship with modeling executive Gae Exton. This union produced two children, Matthew and Alexandra.

        After the success of 1978's Superman, Reeve did the movie Somewhere in Time. While promoting the movie at the time of its release, Reeve said, "Somewhere In Time, while it errs on the side of pretentiousness, is an absolutely honest attempt to create an old-fashioned romance. It's based on love rather than on sex or X-rated bedroom scenes. I don't know how to talk about a love story without getting all gooey about it, but the script excited me because of the situation of the leading character...His problem struck me as that of many people. They've got everything going for them, or so they say, except for a real commitment, a real love." In 1980, he spent the summer doing theater in Williamstown. He worked on Superman II and the broadway production of Fifth of July. In 1987 Christopher Reeve and Gae Exton parted unmarried, but keeping joint custody of the two children. During the summer in Williamstown, Reeve met Dana Morosini where she was performing in a cabaret. In four months they were living together, and in 1992 they were married and had a son.

        Reeve went on to appear in a total of 17 feature films, a dozen TV-movies, and about 150 plays. In addition, he has hosted or narrated numerous documentaries and TV specials, many of which involve interests of his such as aviation or stunt work. His striking good looks and imposing physique were reminisent of Hollywood's classic leading men like John Wayne who, after meeting Reeve at the 1979 Academy Awards, turned to Cary Grant and said: "This is our new man. He's taking over." But rather than limit himself to the heroic roles for which he seemed so well suited, Reeve frequently sought the challenge of parts that cast him against type--playing characters that were gay, sociopathic or villanous. He turned down big paychecks to appear in small films with directors like Sydney Lumet or James Ivory, whom he greatly respected and worked with in The Bostonians and The Remains of the Day. But he has always preferred the stage, considering it an actor's greatest test. In addition to his early stage work, Reeve appeared in The Marriage of Figaro in New York, Summer and Smoke with Christine Lahti in Los Angeles, and he toured with Love Letters in several major cities. He also starred in a well-received production of The Aspern Papers in London's West End with Vanessa Redgrave and Dame Wendy Hiller. But no matter what he was doing at the time, Reeve invariably made every effort to spend summers at the Williamstown Theater Festival.

        In addition to being an actor, Reeve is also an active celebrity political activist. Reeve, who is a liberal Democrat, explained his politically active career: "I became politically active in high school, protesting the Vietnam War. And when I went to Cornell, I became involved in environmental issues. And then, as an adult, I became involved in First Amendment issues and funding for the arts. And now that I am disabled, of course my main focus is on the quality of life for all disabled people and doing everything I can to help scientists make progress toward cures." Reeve further explained his personal political preference for the Democrat party saying, "Actually, the Republicans have done more for the disabled and for funding medical research over the past eight years than the Democrats. But on many other issues, such as the environment, education, gun control, choice, I support the Democrats, and I am more sympathetic to their position... I would like to see a Democratic Congress." As a celebrity political activist of liberal causes and fundraiser for medical research, Reeve has name recognition equal to that of Jane Fonda and Robert Redford. While viewing himself "President of the Disabled", unofficially replacing Bree Walker, Reeve is a lobbyist at the federal, state and international levels who physically lets his quadriplegia play on the feelings of elected politicans while testifying before them to get bills passed he supports to fund spinal cord injury research as well as to get bills defeated he personally opposes by also using the media. Reeve says about his aggressive approach to activism: "It is one thing to present legislators with statistics, but quite another to make them face real people who testify at congressional hearings or speak out in the media."

        Prior to his injury, the liberal causes and charities Reeve had been involved with on the arts, environment, children, and human rights had equal priority for him with his career in the performing arts. A few of them are: Amnesty International, Save the Children, The National Resources Defense Council, The Lindbergh Foundation, The Environmental Air Force, and People for the American Way. He is a founding member and past president of the Creative Coalition, an advocacy group of artists, and has been one of the National Endowment For The Arts most passionate supporters. In 1987, he faced tear gas and real personal danger when Chilean writer Ariel Dorfman asked him to travel to Chile and lead a demonstration in support of 77 artists targeted with death warrants by the Pinochet government. For his successful efforts to free the artists, Reeve received a special Obie Award in 1988 and an annual award from the Walter Briehl Human Rights Foundation. The sobering experience also reinforced his commitment to advocacy work, which by the late 1980's was competing with his career for his time. Environmental issues have been of particular interest to Reeve. He addressed the United Nations to encourage the banning of drift net tuna fishing and he played a crucial role in securing a landmark agreement to protect the Hudson River and New York City's reservoir system.

       Christopher Reeve has always approached recreation with the same dedication and intensity that he brought to his professional and advocacy work. In these activities as well as the rest of his life, Reeve sets obstacles for himself and then works to overcome them. He believes that progress in one's life comes from setting your own challenges and then doing the best you possibly can to succeed. An accomplished pianist, he composed and practiced classical music several hours each day and said in an interview that had he not been an actor, he would have liked to have been a professional musician. But Reeve was also a superb athlete who did his own stunts in films and an avid outdoorsman. He earned his pilot's license in his early twenties and twice flew solo across the Atlantic in a small plane. He also flew gliders and was an expert sailor, scuba diver, and skier. By the 1990's, horses had become his passion. He loved the sport called "eventing" which combined the precision of dressage with the excitement of cross-country and show jumping.

        In May of 1995, it was during the cross-country portion of such an event in Culpeper, Virginia, that Reeve's Throughbred, Eastern Express, balked at a rail jump, pitching his rider forward. Reeve's hands were tangled in the horse's bridle and he landed head first, fracturing the uppermost vertebrae in his spine. Reeve was instantly paralyzed from the neck down and unable to breathe. Prompt medical attention saved his life and delicate surgery stabilized the shattered C1-C2 vertebrae and literally reattached Reeve's head to his spine.

       After 6 months at Kessler Rehabilitation Institute in New Jersey, Reeve returned to his home in Bedford, New York, where Dana had begun major renovations to accomodate his needs and those of his electric wheelchair which he operates by sipping or puffing on a straw. Ironically, this most self-reliant and active of men was now facing life almost completely immobilized and dependent on others for his most basic needs. In addition, his condition puts him at constant risk for related illnesses--pneumonia, infections, blood clots, wounds that do not heal, and a dangerous condition involving blood pressure known as autonomic disreflexia--all of which Reeve would experience in the coming years.

       Even while at Kessler, Christopher Reeve began to use the international interest in his situation to increase public awareness about spinal cord injury and to raise money for research into a cure. A 20/20 interview with Barbara Walters drew huge ratings and many other television appearances would follow. Never a man to turn from a challenge, Reeve accepted invitations to appear at the Academy Awards in 1996, to host the Paralympics in Atlanta, and to speak at the Democratic Convention in August of that year. At such high-profile appearances Reeve faces risk of embarrassment if he cannot speak because his tracheostomy tube is slightly out of position or if his body suddenly spasms and jerks about uncontrollably (as it did just before the curtain went up at the Oscars).

        Despite enormous expenses related to his paralysis, Reeve is determined to be financially self-sufficient. A widespread rumor that his close friend, Robin Williams, had promised to pay all his medical bills was publicly denied by both Williams and Reeve. Less than a year after his injury, Reeve began to accept invitations for speaking engagements. Traveling with a team of aides and nurses he has crisscrossed the country, speaking at the Peter Lowe Success Seminars, at universities, benefits, and at many functions relating to disability issues. About how he does his speeches, Reeve's publicist Maggie Friedman, at the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, said: "He speaks off the cuff, using no notes or teleprompter and most of the time he does not even dictate his thoughts to an assistant." Reeve narrated an Emmy Award winning documentary for HBO called Without Pity: A Film About Abilities which sensitively told the stories of a half-dozen disabled people and also hosted a Canadian documentary about spinal cord injury called The Toughest Break. He returned to acting with a small but pivotol role in the CBS TV-movie A Step Toward Tomorrow in 1996, and that same year Reeve made his directorial debut with the critically acclaimed HBO film In the Gloaming starring his good friend Glenn Close. Gloaming went on to receive 5 Emmy nominations and was the most honored film at the Cable ACE Awards in 1997, winning awards in 4 of the 6 categories it was nominated including best "Dramatic or Theatrical Special". Dana Reeve describes In the Gloaming as "a godsend for Chris." She adds, "there's such a difference in his outlook, his health, his overall sense of well-being when he's working at what he loves, which is creative work - directing a movie, or acting in one. It completely revitalizes him and feeds him." At these times "his health is at an all-time high, his blood gases are good, he seems to cure skin wounds faster, he sleeps better, he looks better. It's noticeable - it's like being in love."

       Long before Reeve became handicapped and was thought by some to be an inspiration and really Superman, Reeve himself in 1978 told Gene Siskel that Superman leads by inspiration: "The key word for me on him is 'inspiration.' He is a leader by inspiration. He sets an example. It's quite important that people realize that I don't see him as a glad-handing show-off, a one-man vigilante force who rights every wrong. Basically, he's a pacifist, a man who comes along and says, 'What can I do to help?' He stands on the sidelines until there is real trouble. He does not want to get involved unless it's absolutely necessary because he thinks people should learn to make their own decisions." Bishop Jonathan D. Keaton eloquently explained in his Go Make A Life sermon Reeve being Superman in real life. Bishop Keaton said: "To see Reeve in a severely incapacitated state brought back memories of his famous acting roles as Superman and Clark Kent. Memory told me that Reeve could leap tall buildings with a single bound as Superman. Also, I saw Christopher Reeve as a gem of an investigative reporter...Admittedly, Superman was make-believe...I concluded that Christopher Reeve is Superman, right here, right now...Reeve shows us the power, the possibilities and the results of a fierce and persistent commitment to growth and development. With God's help, Reeve is Superman because: 1. He survived the horse riding accident and challenged himself physically during countless months of painful physical therapy. 2. Because he remained committed to his role as a loving husband and doting father 3. Because he kept hope alive in the face of injury and paralysis that can destroy all hope-in the face of having to depend on his wife and many others to feed, wash, change, move and carry him t

英语作文参考

       美国国会山（Capitol Hill）：

       Capitol Hill, aside from being a metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington D.C., stretching easterly in front of the U.S. Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the oldest residential communities in Washington, and with roughly 35,000 people in just under two square miles, it is also one of the most densely populated.

       As a geographic feature, Capitol Hill rises in the center of the District of Columbia and extends eastward. Pierre L'Enfant, as he began to develop his plan for the new Federal City in 1791, chose to locate the "Congress House" on the crest of the hill, facing the city, a site that L'Enfant characterized as a "pedestal waiting for a monument."

       The Capitol Hill neighborhood today straddles two quadrants of the city, Southeast and Northeast, and a large portion is now designated as the Capitol Hill historic district. The name Capitol Hill is often used to refer to both the historic district and to the larger neighborhood around it. To the east of Capitol Hill lies the Anacostia River, to the north is the H Street corridor, to the south are the Southeast/Southwest Freeway and the Washington Navy Yard, and to the west are the National Mall and the city's central business district.

       曼哈顿（Manhattan）：

       Manhattan is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located primarily on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River.

       New York County, which has the same boundaries as the Borough of Manhattan (and which should not be confused with New York City), is the most densely populated county in the United States, with a 2007 population of 1,620,867 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.47 km?), or 70,595 residents per square mile (27,267/km?). It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 personal income per capita above $100,000.Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population but the smallest in area. It consists of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Ward's Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small section on the mainland adjacent to the Bronx.

       Manhattan is a major commercial, financial, and cultural center of both the United States and the world.Most major radio, television, and telecommunications companies in the United States are based here, as well as many news, magazine, book, and other media publishers. Manhattan has many famous landmarks, tourist attractions, museums, and universities. It is also home to the headquarters of the United Nations. Manhattan has the largest central business district in the United States, is the site of both the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, and is the home to the largest number of corporate headquarters in the nation. It is the center of New York City and the New York metropolitan region, hosting the seat of city government and a large portion of the area's employment, business, and recreational activities.

       The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on Henry Hudson's yacht Halve Maen (Half Moon).A 1610 map depicts the name Manahata twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River (later named the Hudson River). The word "Manhattan" has been translated as "island of many hills" from the Lenape language.The Encyclopedia of New York City offers other derivations, including from the Munsee dialect of Lenape: manahachtanienk ("place of general inebriation"), manahatouh ("place where timber is procured for bows and arrows"), or menatay ("island").

       密西西比河（Mississippi River）：

       The Mississippi River is the second-longest river in the United States,with a length of 2,320 miles (3,730 km)from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico.

       The Mississippi River is part of the Missouri-Mississippi river system, which is the largest river system in North America and among the largest in the world: by length (3,900 miles (6,300 km)), it is the fourth longest, and by its average discharge of 572,000 cu ft/s (16,200 m?/s), it is the tenth largest.

       The name Mississippi is derived from the Ojibwe word misi

       爱迪生（1847～1931）Edison，Thomas Alva

       美国发明家。以创办工厂实验室、开辟使技术开发与科学研究紧密结合的途径而名垂史册 。1847 年2月11日生于俄亥俄州的迈兰的一个荷兰移民家庭。1931年10月18日于新泽西州西奥兰治逝世 。幼时只受过3个月正规教育 。12岁起做过报童、小贩、报务员等以自谋生计。因受M.法拉第的影响，一生从事电学实验研究和发明。1868年他发明了一台选票记录仪想推销给国会，但没有被采用。爱迪生的第一项发明没有找到市场使他更注意发明的实用性。1869年，爱迪生由波士顿移居纽约。他改进了金指示器电报公司的电报机，得到公司经理的赏识 ，受聘月薪300美元（ 这在当时是很高的月薪 ）。1870 年 ，移居新泽西州 ，开始他的高效发明时期 。1874年改进了打字机 。1876年 ，给A.G.贝尔发明的电话加装了炭粒话筒，提高了受话的声响。

       1876年，创办了他著名的实验室。在这个实验室里，他 打破了以往科学家个人独自从事研究的传统，组织一批专门人才（包括N.特斯拉等人），由他出题目并分派任务，共同致力于一项发明 ， 从而开创了 现代科学研究 的正确途径 。1877年，发明了留声机，这使他名扬四海。1878年，开始白炽灯的研究，在十几个月中经过多次失败后，于1879年10月21日成功地点亮了白炽炭丝灯，稳定地点亮了两整天。1882年，在纽约珍珠街创办世界第二座公用火电厂，建立起纽约市区电灯照明系统，成为现代电力系统的雏形。电照明的实现，不仅大大改善了人们生产劳动的条件，也预示着日常生活电气化时代即将到来。1883年，爱迪生在试验真空灯泡时，意外地发现冷、热电极间有电流通过。这种现象后来称为爱迪生效应，成为电子管和电子工业的基础。1887年，移居西奥兰治，并于同年在该市创建规模更大、装备也更新的实验室，即著名的爱迪生实验室（后人称之为发明工厂）。在这里，根据G.伊斯曼的发明，制作了自己的照相机。1914年 ，用留声机和照相机制成了最早的有声**系统。晚年，他的发明和革新包括蓄电池、水泥搅拌机、录音电话、双工式和多工式电报系统、铁路用制动器等。第一次世界大战期间，他任海军技术顾问委员会主席，指导鱼雷和反潜设备研究，发明了几十种武器。为此，美国政府于1920年授予他卓越服 务奖章 ， 法国政府授 予他军团荣誉勋位 。1928年，美国国会授予他荣誉奖章。终其一生，爱迪生和他的实验室共获1093项发明专利权。爱迪生一生发明众多，但他毕竟缺乏系统的科学知识 ，因而对现代技术的发展不能作出正确判断。19世纪末，交流输电系统已经出现，但他仍坚持直流输电，并在与G.威斯汀豪斯发生的激烈竞争中丧失了承建尼亚加拉水电站的合同 ；他的实验室盲目试制磁力选矿设备，耗尽了发明电灯所得的资金，最后不得不放弃。但是，爱迪生在电力开发、电器制造推广电能应用等方面所作的贡献，使他成为人类历史上最伟大的发明家之一。

       Edison (1847~1931) Edison,Thomas Alva American inventor. To the creation of factory laboratories, technology development and to open up avenues of scientific research in close connection with the name lowered history. February 11, 1847 in the Ohio Mailan a Dutch immigrant family. October 18, 1931 in New Jersey Xiaolan in death. Produced only three months of formal education received. 12-year-old has done Bao Tong, hawkers, Rapporteur, to fend for themselves. Because M.

       Faraday effect in life science research experiments and inventions. In 1868 he invented a recording device to sell to Taiwan votes Congress, but has not been used. Edison first invented so that he did not find the market more attention to the relevance of the invention. 1869, Edison moved to New York from Boston. He improved the indicators cable companies telegraph, the recognition by the manager of the company, employed 300 US dollars monthly salary (which at the time was very high salary). 1870, moved to New Jersey to begin his efficient invention period. 1874 improved typewriters. 1876, to the latter.

       Bell invented the telephone with a carbon Reap route, and raised the words beep. 1876, founded his famous laboratory. In the laboratory, he broke the previous individual scientists to engage in research tradition, organized a group of professionals (including N.

       Tesla and others), and the subject of his assignment, a common commitment to the invention, thus creating the correct way to modern scientific research. 1877, invented gramophone, which makes him original. 1878, the study began incandescent lamp in the 10 months after many failures, October 21, 1879 in the successful location of incandescence light lights carbon silk, stable location between two days. 1882, in New York pearl Street Block communal fire was the world's second plant, built in New York Urban Electric lighting, a modern electricity system to take shape. Mar lighting achievement has not only greatly improved the working conditions of production, but also herald an era of daily life electrification forthcoming. 1883, Edison bulbs in a vacuum test, accidentally discovered the cold, there is a current hot electrode. This phenomenon was called the Edison effect, become electron tube and electronic industries. 1887, from Xiaolan government, and in the same year in a larger city, the laboratory equipment is also updated the famous Edison Laboratory (later known as the invention factory). Here, according to G.

       School invention, produced its own camera. 1914, by Gramophone and camera film produced by the first audio system. Old age, his inventions and innovations including batteries, cement mixer, sound recording telephone, double - and multi-type cable system, railways used brakes. First World War, he served as Chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee to guide torpedoes and anti-submarine equipment research, invented dozens of weapons. To this end, the United States government in 1920 conferred on him the Distinguished Services Medal serving, the French government awarded honorary medals to his Corps spaces. 1928, the United States Congress to grant him honorary medals. Throughout their entire life cycle, Edison and his laboratory received 1,093 patents for their invention. Edison invented many life, but he is after all a system of scientific knowledge, and thus to the development of modern technology can not make the right judgment. In the 19th century, the exchange of transmission system has emerged, but he still insisted on direct current transmission, and with G.

       Westinghouse Niehaus fierce competition occurred lost Niagara hydropower project contracts;

       He blindly testing laboratory magnetic milling equipment, the invention Electric depletion of the funds had to be abandoned. However, Edison electricity in the development, application of electric appliances manufacturing promote the contribution that he became the history of mankind's greatest inventor the world.

       你们没学那么多，挑着写就行

       好了，今天我们就此结束对“hudson River”的讲解。希望您已经对这个主题有了更深入的认识和理解。如果您有任何问题或需要进一步的信息，请随时告诉我，我将竭诚为您服务。